Pavlov vs. Skinner Essays - Behaviorism, Learning, Ethologists

Pavlov vs. Skinner Essays - Behaviorism, Learning, Ethologists 4/17/15 Pavlov vs. Skinner Ivan Pavlov, born September 26, 1849, was a Russian physiologist. Pavlov is primarily known for his works in classical conditioning. Pavlov was actually preparing to become a priest but he left the seminary and studied chemistry and physiology instead. One of Pavlov's interest had to do with the digestive system, more specifically the interaction between salivation and the action of the stomach. He conducted an experiment with dogs where he noticed that the dog would begin to salivate not only when they saw food but also when they heard the assistant entering the room. The dog associate the sound of the assistant entering the room with the presentation of food. The outcome of this experiment was unplanned but earned Pavlov the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904. B. F. Skinner ( Burrhus Frederic), born March 20, 1904, was an American psychologist and behaviorist. He majored in literature at Hamilton College in New York and wanted to become a writer, but he wasn't very successful. So he went back to school and went to Harvard to study psychology. Skinner developed the idea of operant conditioning which is the rewarding of a partial behavior or a random act that approaches the desired behavior. Operant conditioning can be used to shape behavior. Skinner experimented this with pigeons. He trained or shaped pigeons to turn in a circle to the left by rewarding them for every movement they made towards the left. Skinner became one of the most influential psychologist of the 20th century.

Visa F-3 para estudiantes mexicanos en la frontera

Visa F-3 para estudiantes mexicanos en la frontera Los estudiantes mexicanos y canadienses que viven cerca de la frontera de Estados Unidos pueden estar interesados en estudiar en este paà ­s. Desde el aà ±o 2002 tienen a su disposicià ³n las visas F-3, y M-3, adems de las F-1 y M-1 que aplican a todos los estudiantes internacionales. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre los requisitos de las F-3 y M-3 y sus diferencias con respecto a las visas de estudiantes ms conocidas. Pero antes de empezar, dejar claro que la diferencia entre las categorà ­as F y M es que à ©stas à ºltimas estn limitadas a estudios vocacionales. Requisitos de las visas de estudiante F-3 y M-3 Sà ³lo las pueden solicitar ciudadanos o residentes permanentes legales de Mà ©xico o Canad.Pueden estudiar en escuelas o universidades que està ©n a una distancia mxima de 75 millas a contar desde la frontera.Obligatoriamente tienen que continuar residiendo en Mà ©xico o en Canad. Tienen que desplazarse para realizar sus estudios pero siguen manteniendo de modo activo su residencia fuera de los Estados Unidos.Pueden estudiar a tiempo completo o a tiempo parcial.Adems, aplican los requisitos no contradictorios de las F-1 y M-1, incluido el requisito de SEVIS. Principales diferencias entre las F-3 y las F-1 Uno de las principales diferencias es el cà ³nyuge y los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de una persona con una visa F-3 no pueden pedir visas derivadas para los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, esos familiares inmediatos en el caso de una F-1 pueden solicitar una F-2 para acompaà ±ar a su pariente a los Estados Unidos. Otra diferencia importante es que el estudiante con una F-3 no puede buscar empleo en el campus en el que estudie. Sin embargo, una vez que finaliza sus estudios universitarios puede sà ­ que puede disfrutar de un CPT o un OPT. Otra desventaja es que mientras que el estudiante con una F-1 sà ³lo solicita una vez el documento I-20, los estudiantes con la F-3 deben renovarlo cada semestre. 3 mitos sobre los estudiantes extranjeros en USA y las visas Frecuentemente se cree cosas en materia migratoria que no son verdaderas y acaban costando muchos disgustos. Relacionado con los estudiantes hay que destacar tres: Lo primero que hay que dejar muy claro es nunca se puede estudiar en Estados Unidos a tiempo completo cuando se tiene estatus de turista. Esto es una violacià ³n migratoria y, cuando se descubre, est dando lugar a revocaciones de las visas de los estudiantes y, cuando estos son menores, tambià ©n las de sus padres estn siendo canceladas.   En segundo lugar resaltar que no se puede estudiar con una visa F-1 en una escuela de primaria pà ºblica de los Estados Unidos. Por el contrario, sà ­ que se puede estudiar por un solo curso en una escuela pà ºblica de secundaria, lo que se conoce como high school. Pero en estos casos es necesario y obligatorio pagar las correspondientes tasas. Y no hay excepcià ³n. (No confundir con el caso de los estudiantes que estn en los Estados Unidos con una visa J-1 de intercambio). Y por à ºltimo, y en tercer lugar, tener muy claro que estudiar en la universidad en Estados Unidos no da jams derecho por sà ­ mismo a poder quedarse a vivir en el paà ­s o a obtener una tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Es cierto que los que cursan una maestrà ­a o estudios superiores pueden tener ciertas ventajas para obtener una visa de trabajo H-1B, pero siguen necesitando un patrocinador. En este punto es de interà ©s conocer las experiencias de estudiantes que llegaron con una visa F y obtuvieron la residencia, como el caso del espaà ±ol Miguel Pà ©rez. De interà ©s para estudiantes internacionales Las personas con interà ©s en estudiar en Estados Unidos deben informarse sobre becas, incluso en las universidades y colleges de à ©lite, requisitos para aplicar, notas de TOEFL para demostrar conocimientos e inglà ©s y cules son las mejores universidades.   Asimismo, si su inglà ©s no es muy bueno o si los recursos econà ³micos no son muy amplios es recomendable familiarizarse con los Community Colleges. Para estudiar en una institucià ³n en EE.UU. frecuentemente se pide la convalidacià ³n de estudios que debe realizar una organizacià ³n autorizada. En casos ms limitados puede ser necesario obtener la Apostilla de la Haya. Esta à ºltima certificacià ³n ser requerida para homologar los estudios de EE.UU. en el paà ­s de origen. Finalmente, si se est estudiando fuera de los Estados Unidos es de interà ©s conocer programas de intercambio con visa J-1 que permiten realizar prcticas por un tiempo determinado o incluso trabajar durante el verano, como el programa para staff de campamentos o el de trabajo y viaje. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

MODEL TRENDS IN NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MODEL TRENDS IN NURSING - Essay Example Accordingly, a larger volume of nurses should be trained and developed to grow their efficiency in sufficing the requirements of the community, and if required, must also be capable of addressing the needs of the acute care hospitals. Correspondingly, a primary objective, when focusing on the restructuring of the US healthcare sector, must be to enhance nursing practices in accordance with the needs of the community. In order to accomplish this aim, training the nurses with the application of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) can be suggestible. This particular technique has been one of the major reasons for the successful performance of many of the healthcare units in the US. In accordance to this approach, evidence-based care shall further result in improved patient care as well as satisfaction of the nurses in the community level. EBP is also vital for healthcare practitioners and nurses owing to the fact that it acts as the foundation for disease management works (Saver, 2006). Anoth er practice enhancement mechanism that can be applied when aiming at restructuring the nursing trends in the US healthcare sector can be suggested as the Continuum of Care mechanism. It is among the vital aspects in the nursing practices that intend to augment the effectiveness of professionals. It directly focuses on the well being as well as the safety of the patients. The nurses involved in the healthcare sector will thus need to develop continuous care relationship with the patients through providing seamless services and simultaneously, seeking effective coordination and assistance from different departments of the healthcare unit (American Academy of Family Physicians, 2013). Hence, it can be argued that along with identifying the community healthcare needs, nurses should also be competent enough to work in cohesion with other departments of the community care hospitals. Scope for nurses from the restructuring Accountable Care Organizations (ACO) constitute of healthcare servi ce providers comprising doctors, nurses and hospitals who aim at working together to serve the community with efficient services. The roles played by nurses can be observed as quite vital in this group. The organization purposefully strives hard to ensure recognition for the nurses who deliver effective services, so that the nurses are satisfied in their profession and are able to deliver utmost care to the patients. Furthermore, the organization has reflected its endeavor to enhance effectiveness of nurses regarding to be included in this group (American Nurses Association, 2013). Medical homes can also be considered to add vital scopes to the success of nurses. Medical homes generally follow a team based delivery model that provides complete healthcare services to the patients focusing primarily on effective training of the nurses. It has increasingly become a new employment sector for nurses, offering them with complete assistance and benefits when serving the community (Sheridan , 2012). Apart from Accountable Care Organizations and Medical Homes, Nurse-Managed Health Clinics also provide vital opportunities

Article summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article summary - Essay Example This quote directly fits in with the overall theme of how people, for example in China, seek to step aside from having conversations directly when it comes to the discussion of sexual issues in nature. One of the reasons in many ways can be seen as a lack of communication between parents and children on this issue. There is a very strong cultural/society influence on how such issues are looked at and talked about. Towards the middle of the article, Ford mentions the level that China had stepped towards adopting a more Western approach to how they go about doing things. A fear among some parents that if the children were to have knowledge about sexual issues, that would enable them to take part in the issue. Making light of the ratings system that the United States has, Ford addresses the Chinese approach to having one. Yin Hong, a deputy head of Tsinghua University's Journalism School is quoted in the article when he says, "The time is not ripe for China to institute a ratings system," says Yin Hong, a film critic and deputy head of Tsinghua University's Journalism School," (Ford, 2/2/07). Many of the points which Peter Ford mentions in his article are very important to understanding the bigger story.

Individual Behavior (Organizations) Essay Example for Free

Individual Behavior (Organizations) Essay Individual behavior is considered as one of the main determinants of the productivity of a given organization. The said relationship is believed to be very important that an entire academic discipline was created to focus on its study. Organizational behavior is a field of study that concentrates on describing, understanding, predicting and controlling human behavior in an organizational setting. It is divided into four sub-fields – individual behavior, group behavior, organizational structure and organizational processes. These allow organizational behavior to study a wide range of topics, such as personality, job satisfaction, leadership, group dynamics and the impact of stress on work (Answers, 2008). Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations It is true that human behavior varies from one person to another due to their individual differences. However, organizational behavior scientists argued that individual behavior is made up of the same elements. These elements must be identified in order to establish predictability in the study of human behavior. The consistency of these elements result in the development of reasonably accurate predictions of individual behavior (NEU-CBA, n. d. ). Understanding Individuals in Organization Organizational behavior scientists use the psychological contract in their study in order to understand the members of a particular organization. Psychological contract refers to a members expectations based on his or her contributions and the organizations inducements. Contributions are what the member provides to the organization. Inducements, on the other hand, are what the organization will provide the member in exchange for the latters contributions (Abelson, 2006). Personality and Individual Behavior In sharp contrast to psychological contract, the element of personality and individual behavior assert that individual behavior within an organization is determined by â€Å"the relatively permanent set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another† (Abelson, 2006). One of the most popular personality frameworks is the â€Å"Big Five† Personality Traits. It is composed of the following: a) Agreeableness – A persons ability to establish good relationships with others b) Conscientiousness – The number of goals of which a person strives hard to achieve c) Negative emotionality – The extent to which an individual can remain poised, calm, resilient and secure d) Extraversion – The level of comfort a person has with interpersonal relationships e) Openness – An individuals flexibility in terms of beliefs and interests (Abelson, 2006) Attitudes and Individual Behavior Attitudes are the beliefs and feelings that people have regarding certain ideas, situations or other people. Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individuals encounters other people who does not share his or her attitudes. The element of attitudes and individual behavior believe that members of an organization behave the way they do because it is their means of dealing with people who possess attitudes that are different from theirs. For an organization to be productive, its member must learn how to respect each others differences and work as a team despite their diversity in beliefs, attitudes and values (Abelson, 2006). Work-related Attitudes It must be noted, however, that individual behavior in an organization can also be influenced by attitudes that were developed in the workplace. Some examples of work-related attitudes are the following: a) Job Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction – An attitude that reflects the amount of pleasure or fulfillment that an individual achieves from his or her work b) Organizational Commitment – An attitude that measures a persons degree of affinity with the organization itself c) Affect and Mood in Organizations i. Positive Affectivity – A tendency to exhibit an overall sense of optimism and well-being; sees things in a positive light ii. Negative affectivity – A tendency to exhibit an overall sense of pessimism and gloom; sees things negatively (Abelson, 2006). Perception and Individual Behavior This element defines a persons behavior as a result of his or her perception, or the set of processes by which he or she becomes aware of his or her environment and starts to interpret information about it. One of the most detrimental forms of perception is selective perception, or the practice of disregarding information that a person feels uncomfortable with or goes against his or her own beliefs. Selective perception may lead to stereotyping or the usage of a single attribute to categorize or label other people. Selective perception may also result in scapegoating or making other people take responsibility for ones own faults and shortcomings (Abelson, 2006). Stress and Individual Behavior Stress is â€Å"an individual’s response to a strong stimulus,† called a stressor (Ableson, 2006). The general cycle of the human body experiencing and recovering from stress is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). Often caused by task, physical, role and interpersonal demands, one of the major effects of stress is burnout, or the feeling of exhaustion produced by undergoing stress for prolonged periods of time (Abelson, 2006). Experts categorized people into two types, depending on how much they can endure stress. â€Å"Type A† people were those who are very competitive, hardworking and are extremely particular when it comes to time. â€Å"Type B† people, on the other hand, were those who were not as hardworking, dilligent and time-conscious. It was said that â€Å"Type A† people were more likely to experience burnout than â€Å"Type B† individuals (Abelson, 2006). Creativity in Organizations This element stresses the importance of an organizations creativity in affecting the behavior of its members. An organization that is always able to come up with new ideas or new perspectives that will improve existing ideas have a greater chance of improving productivity among its members than an organization who strictly adheres to convention and does not welcome innovation. Types of Workplace Behavior The effectiveness of an organization is very much affected by workplace behavior, or the pattern of action exhibited by its members while working. Workplace behavior is categorized into four types: a) Performance Behaviors – The â€Å"total set of work-related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display† (Abelson, 2006). An organizations performance behaviors is usually indicated in its manual for its members. Performance behaviors are one of the organizations ways of communicating to its members what are its objectives and how will these be attained. b) Withdrawal Behaviors – Characterized by the absence of an organizations members i. Absenteeism – When people develop a habitual pattern of not showing up for work ii. Turnover – When people resign from their jobs c) Organizational Citizenship – When people display behavior that contributes positively and immensely to their organization. d) Dysfunctional Behaviors – Behaviors that are detrimental to organizational performance (e. g. stealing office property, fighting in the office premises, reporting to work in improper attire, etc. ) When a person shows dysfunctional behavior, he or she is sending the message that he or she does not belong to the organization that he or she joined and that he or she has contempt for those who do. In addition, the person who exhibits dysfunctional behavior also has contempt for the organization itself, as well as for its objectives (Abelson, 2006). Conclusion An organization is composed of individual members who have different backgrounds, beliefs, values and principles. Hence, it is very crucial to train them how to work harmoniously with one another despite their differences. By identifying the elements of individual behavior in an organization, employers can establish standards and rules that are firm but at the same time considerate towards the workers needs. Not only will the company prosper; the employees will also become better workers and persons as well. References Abelson, M. (2006). Chapter 15 – Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations. PDF File. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://wehner. tamu. edu/mgmt. www/mgmt. 363/non-business_363/Chapter%2015%20%20-%20Griffin%208th%20Edition. pdf. Answers. com. (2008). Organizational Behavior. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www. answers. com/topic/organizational-behavior? cat=biz-fin Northeastern University – College of Business Administration (NEU-CBA). (n. d. ). Human Behavior in Organizations: An Introduction. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://web. cba. neu. edu/~ewertheim/introd/introd. htm

Comparing Woman’s Social Status in Becky and Blood Burning Moon Essay

Jean Toomer was bi-racial, sometimes being perceived as white and sometimes black. His race was a catalyst for his writings. Toomer wrote prose and poetry reflecting his ideas about race and gender, not wanting either to be an issue in the future. His writings depict people of all races facing struggles, some gender struggles and some racial struggles. In â€Å"Becky† and in â€Å"Blood Burning Moon,† Toomer centers around two females. During the time period of his writings and what is still somewhat evident today, gender decides the role a person plays in society. As a female, one was always inferior to the male, no matter what the race. Therefore, these two works show how being a female affects a woman’s treatment in life; she loses some control of her destiny, which is ultimately decided by a male or a group of males. â€Å"Becky† centers on a white female who has two black sons. She is forced to leave the town and live on the outskirts because interracial relationships are not acceptable to the other citizens. As a female, Becky is unable to deny maternity to the two boys, but the man who impregnated her has no ties to the children and could have denied paternity of the two boys. Becky avoids the criticism from the townspeople by living in her house â€Å"ground islandized between the road and the railroad track.† No one ever sees her. She has no contact with the townspeople, but those who care for her well-being bring her food and leave it outside of her house, anonymously. Louisa, in â€Å"Blood Burning Moon,† is a black female who is loved by two men, one white man and one black man. She works for a white family, the youngest son being Bob Stone. He is in love with Louisa because of her beauty and charisma. He believes that be... ...male characters powerless in a society of males. Louisa is forced to live with two males who love her and is unable to choose between either. Becky is obligated to raise two sons with neither support from the community nor help from their father. The two women are treated as simple objects or at least not characterized as real people with feelings and desires in their lives. Gender inequality is a common theme for Toomer. He wishes gender to be unimportant in daily situations; everyone should be treated equally and no one should be forced to live a life separate from others because of his or her gender. Louisa and Becky are both forced to live a life with no opportunity for equality and no chance to for happiness with another person, because they are females. Works Cited Toomer, Jean. â€Å"Bood-Burning Moon.† Cane. New York: Livericht, 2010. 39-49. Print.

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray

Thomas Gray was the author behind Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which has proven to be a timeless literary piece. Written and published in the 18th century, the said poem generally contemplates on death and morality. However, it does not speak of merely any kind of death. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard mourns the loss of the common village folk, and the idea of loss discussed in the poem is that of the dreams and opportunities that have been lost and unfulfilled by the common villager because of death. An elegy is a poem that mourns or grieves the deceased (Napierkowski).From the title itself, it can be derived that the poem is about death. However, Thomas Gray wrote the poem in such a way that the question of morality is focused on a single subject: the common man (Napierkowski). Gray points out that unlike artists, poets, politicians and celebrities, the common man dies without recognition, praise or applause. The author also dwells on the possibility of having a co mmon man— who eventually dies— to actually gain similar recognition given to more famous or richer people, but were never able to do so because of the loss of their life (Napierkowski).The poem begins with the â€Å"parting day,† or the end of the day (Gray; Cummings). The author describes the disappearing landscape, which is that of the country churchyard, at dusk (Jung). Not until the third stanza within the poem is when reference to the dead is mentioned. It also states the underneath the trees are the graves of the â€Å"forefathers† (Gray). In the sixth stanza, Gray wrote, â€Å"Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield,/ Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke. † These two lines introduce the common people in the poem, and these folks are portrayed as workers of the land.Sickle is an instrument used in harvest; it is most distinguished for its blade which is shaped like a crescent (Cummings). Furrow refers to the indentation created by a plow for purposes of planting. The word â€Å"glebe† means â€Å"earth† (Cummings). In the seventh stanza, the speaker starts his defense of common men. Gray wrote, â€Å"Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,/Their homely joys, and destiny obscure. † This means that the hard work, simple desires and unrecognized efforts of common man must not be looked down upon.Gray continued, â€Å"Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile/ The short and simple annals of the poor. † The â€Å"Grandeur† referred to in this line are the wealthy and powerful; the speaker states that these people have no right to be critical of the lives of the poor (Cummings). In the eighth stanza, the speaker simply affirms that regardless of status in life, all people will die (Cummings). Gray therefore concluded that â€Å"The paths of glory lead but to the grave† (Cummings). The idea of loss in the poem is first conveyed in the twelfth stanza. The speaker begins to c ontemplate about the chances lost to common men.Gray writes, â€Å"Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid/Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire. † The speaker considers the possibility that the deceased common people were filled with dreams or goals when they were still alive. The last two lines of the stanza is as follows: â€Å"Hands, that the rod of empire might have sway'd/ Or wak'd to ecstasy the living lyre† (Gray). The phrase â€Å"rod of empire† refers to the possibility of common man to become either an emperor or king; the last line's reference to the lyre implies the chance to be a musician (Cummings).The thirteenth stanza points out two factors that contributed to the unfulfilled dreams of common men: the lack of knowledge and poverty. In the first line, â€Å"But Knowledge to their eyes her ample page,† the speaker notes that the common men were not educated, which hindered their progress in life (Gray). The stanza's third line reads, â€Å"Chill Penury repress'd their noble rage† (Gray). â€Å"Penury† in this line means poverty; their poverty also prevented them from acting on their passions, and eliminating their ambitions in the process (Gray; Cummings).The fourteenth stanza contains the most identified lines in the entire poem (Cummings). It also expresses the intense despair the speaker felt about the lost opportunities for the common man. Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear: Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air (Gray). The speaker compares common men with ocean gems that have yet to be uncovered (Cummings). The next analogy is regarding flowers whose beauty is dulled by the desert; just like the flowers, the passions and talents of common people were dulled by circumstance.In the fifteenth stanza, the speaker mentions significant figures whose footsteps the common men would have followed if only they were given the chance. Two of which were Hampden and Milton. John Hampden was considered as a hero; as he was brave enough to defy the authority of King Charles I (Cummings). Meanwhile, John Milton is a renowned poet. The speaker believed that the village could have produced similar personalities. The sixteenth to the eighteenth stanza expresses the advantages and disadvantages of the common people's way of life.Gray wrote, â€Å"Their lot forbad: nor circumscrib'd alone/ Their growing virtues, but their crimes confin'd. † On one hand, the lot of common village folk forbade them from getting recognition from their virtues or contributions to society (Cummings). One of their contributions was their efforts to provide food, as they are mostly farmers. This remains unnoticed. On the other hand, their lot also forbade them to commit â€Å"crimes† they would have done if they were rich and powerful. The line â€Å"Forbad to wade through slaughter to a throne† meant that their status in life also forbade them from resorting to violence to become king (Cummings).Their lot also hindered them to â€Å"shut the gates of mercy on mankind,† which meant to show mercy to those who need it (Gray; Cummings). By the nineteenth stanza, the speaker resumes in speaking about the life of the common village folk. According to Gray, â€Å"Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray. † This meant that the common people remained in that kind of simple lifestyle (Cummings). Also, â€Å"They kept the noiseless tenor of their way† (Gray). This meant that they maintained the simplicity of their life (Cummings).At death, the common villager will also have a â€Å"frail memorial† but â€Å"with uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture deck'd† (Gray). This means that the stone of the grave would only contain simple words, with no elaborate engravings or design. Despite this, it still â€Å"implores the passing tribute of a sigh† (Gray). However simple a gravestone is, it can still cause passersby to sigh (Cummings). The common village folk, unrecognized and destined to be forgotten can only depend on a friend to be remembered. As Gray wrote, â€Å"On some fond breast the parting soul relies.† However, even at death, the common man seeks to be remembered (Cummings). As in the last lines of the twenty-third stanza: â€Å"E'en from the tomb the voice of Nature cries/ E'en in our ashes live their wonted fires† (Gray). Indeed, the poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray elevated the status and standing of common village folk. They may not have experienced fame and fortune as others had, but they deserved the same privileges if only they were given the chance. The death of a person is a cause for despair, but there is greater despair in not achieving what could have been done.The loss spoken about in the poem is greater than death itself. Works Cited Cummings, Michael. Elegy Written in a C ountry Church-yard. 2003. 8 May 2008 . Gray, Thomas. Elegy Written in a Country Church-yard. 2007. 8 May 2008 . Jung, Sandro. â€Å"Elegy Written in a Country Church-yard. † The Literary Encyclopedia. 30 October 2002. 8 May 2008 . Napierkowski, Marie Rose, ed. Poetry for Students. Detroit: Gale, 199

Cell Phone Abuse

Cell Phone Abuse At the present day, with the development of IT and information industry, cell phone gradually plays an indispensable role in our daily life. Nonetheless, for the benefit of our concentration, health and social interaction around us, more attention should be paid to negative impact on the overuse of cell phone. According to a study of two hundred students at Sanford University revealed that 34 percent rated themselves as addicted to their phones, while 32 percent worried they someday would be addicted.As a matter of fact, a vast majority of people suffer from the same problems. It is not uncommon that when they get ready for the day, their cell phones go with them everywhere. Despite the convenience and efficiency cell phones bring them, they fail to take into account the fact that too much addition to phones contributes directly to be unable to concentrate well on daily affairs. For instance, on account of depending on constant contact and instant information, when e ven having classes, a great many students cannot help checking the message or email on phones surreptitiously.Furthermore, when working, driving, just hanging out with friends or doing whatever, to be honest, we are bound to be extremely attached to our phones with enjoying the pleasurable feelings from the act of texting or receiving messages. When it comes to my relationship with cell phone, exaggeratingly speaking, it seems that if I am not called, texted, or commented on my blog, my soul will be lost; hence, it prevents me from focusing on doing my assignments or having a sound sleep. Apparently, excessively obsessed with cell phone distract us from noticing what important happen around us and getting things well done.Admit it, no one can deny the basic fact that cell phone not only provides us with a huge amount of information and various of applications, but also enables us to contact our friends and family immediately and conveniently. However, we tend to live under the illus ion that cell phone can get us more associated with the people and the community nearby, without awareness of the hidden fact that it has crept into every aspect of daily life, ironically weakening the basic human communication.For one thing, with the increase of cell phone use, face-to-face conversations in relationships are unwittingly unpopular with most of us; instead, we prefer to convey our affections by text messaging and cell phone conversations. It is showed by a Verizon Wireless survey that for the Augusta area there are close to 50 percent of its customers send and receive more than 100 text messages a week. † Moreover, Rick Pukis, an associate professor of communication at Augusta State University, says that texting may affect the way we interact with each other.Actually, as we all know, sometimes when we send the smile expressions in the messages, it is not exactly what we do on our faces. Worse still, in order to save time or just feel cool, we usually brief the words such as replacing â€Å"are† with â€Å"r†, which may makes us run the risk of losing the ability to communicate completely and intelligently. On the other hand, spending too much time on calling up or texting the friends we already knew decreases the chance of developing friendships with strangers, cutting off new conversations and potential friends in the public.As a consequence, without doubt, cell phone builds a wall between the community and us, exerting a detrimental influence on our social interaction. But at the same time, cell phone benefits us a lot, too. On the one hand, mobiles make it convenient for people to keep in touch with each other at anytime anywhere. With phones in hand, even though being abroad, we still can immediately share our daily life with friends by uploading images on face book. In this way, friends will feel closer to us and be able to express their affections to us as they like.In the abundant sunshine of friends and our family th rough the phones, our life will be more colorful and powerful. Additionally, under the pressure of working or studying, one of the ideal ways to relax and refresh ourselves is to do some recreation. For example, we can release the stress and adjust the mood by playing some funny games and listening to music, which help us have a better state to continue our next tasks. Therefore, to some degree, smart phones increasingly play a significant role in our life.

The Mead Hall Womb Essays - Beowulf, Geats, English-language Films

The Mead Hall Womb Essays - Beowulf, Geats, English-language Films Connor Johnson Mr. Kearney Modern Irish Literature, P. 6 26 January 2016 The Mead Hall Womb The mead-hall was a place of joviality as well as civility. An area of government as well as a room of celebration. It was a place of light, warmth, joy, and happiness. Most importantly however, it was home. Seamus Heaney makes the importance of the masculinity of Heorot very clear in his translation of Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. What isnt mentioned throughout this very masculine text is how femininity is interwoven throughout the words. Femininity is needed to give some form of emotion to this overly masculine poem, especially in the use of the mead hall Heorot. In Beowulf, Heorot is written as a great hall built by the Danish Kind Hrothgar for his thanes and villagers. People would go to drink, be merry, converse, and occasionally work on village matters. Heorot translates almost exactly to Hall of Hart. A hart is a male deer. It is a fitting name for the room where masculine warriors gather, as a stag is a major symbol of masculinity, strength, and pride, all intertwined with gracefulness. The hall itself is representative visually of a hart. During the Grendels attack on Heorot, no Shielding elder would believe There was any power of person upon earth Capable of wrecking their horn-rigged hall (Beowulf 779). The horns of the hart are also symbolic especially in the fight against Grendel. Horns, and antlers on a male deer represent regeneration and new life. During his fight with Grendel, the two, monster and man experience a death and rebirth. With the physical death of Grendel, Beowulf experiences a death and resurrection into the underw orld of is mind and soul according to the cosmogonic cycle. With so many Masculine encounters in the poem, there is little room for feminine characters. Few women have a role in this poem, and of those few, half are unnamed. Of the women that are named, their main jobs are to be good hostesses, and even better peacekeepers. Women like Queen Wealhtheow are successful in their attempts to embrace femininity. She serves through her words of encouragement to her people and handing out of treasure to her heroes. Her happiness was found in the helping of others, and serving the masculine figure. Then the grey-haired treasure-giver was glad; The feast continues until Wealhtheow, Hrothgars Queen, comes in and serves mead to the warriors (Beowulf 607,611). The jobs that the women perform are jobs that require heart, an inherently feminine trait. The heart represents love, caring, and life giving. Women who embrace or contain the heart, are like mother figures. On the other hand, failures at the womanly role such as Queen Modthryth, and Grendels mother are either shunned or take on more masculine roles. Grendels mother in particular, is depict ed as a masculine avenger character for Grendel rather than the visa versa. She is an outcast because of her ancestor Cain who killed his own brother (Beowulf 974-75). She never even starts with the ability to contain a heart, having been born into evil. Because she is not fully masculine and is a mix between both gender roles, she fails in her attempts at revenge. The mead hall itself can also be shown as a mother figure Heorot, while translating to stag, stems the word heart. The heart is the feminine part that bleeds into all the masculinity. Thinking of Heorot as a heart, it is considered the mystic center for all warriors, as well as their home. As a mother figure, Heorot is a figure of security, happiness, and warmth that all warriors want to return to. As the mother to the warriors, Heorot represents the womb of regeneration and new life that all men want to return to. Beowulfs fight with Grendel is all the more symbolic having been fought in Heorot. As a womb symbol, the death of Grendel, as well as Beowulfs mind lead to his rebirth the dark side of his journey. Grendels mothers death also taking place in Heorot leads to another death and rebirth of Beowulf but this time from darkness into light. Just like women arent treated highly in the poem, neither in Heorot as a mother figure. Heorot

Richard Taylor - Civil War - Confederacy - Lieutenant General

Richard Taylor - Civil War - Confederacy - Lieutenant General Richard Taylor - Early Life Career: Born January 27, 1826, Richard Taylor was the sixth and youngest child of President Zachary Taylor and Margaret Taylor. Initially raised on the familys plantation near Louisville, KY, Taylor spent much of his childhood on the frontier as his fathers military career compelled them to move frequently. To ensure that his son received a quality education, the elder Taylor sent him to private schools in Kentucky and Massachusetts. This was soon followed by studies at Harvard and Yale where he was active in Skull and Bones. Graduating from Yale in 1845, Taylor read widely on topics pertaining to military and classical history. Richard Taylor - Mexican-American War: With the rise of tensions with Mexico, Taylor joined his fathers army along the border. Serving as his fathers military secretary, he was present when the Mexican-American War began and US forces triumphed at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Remaining with the army, Taylor took part in the campaigns that culminated in the capture of Monterrey and victory at Buena Vista. Increasingly plagued by the early symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, Taylor departed Mexico and took over management of his fathers Cyprus Grove cotton plantation near Natchez, MS. Successful in this endeavor, he convinced his father to purchase the Fashion sugar cane plantation in St. Charles Parish, LA in 1850. Following Zachary Taylors death later that year, Richard inherited both Cyprus Grove and Fashion. On February 10, 1851, he married Louise Marie Myrtle Bringier, the daughter of a wealthy Creole matriarch. Richard Taylor - Antebellum Years: Though not caring for politics, Taylors family prestige and place in Louisiana society saw him elected to the state senate in 1855. The next two years proved difficult for Taylor as consecutive crop failures left him increasingly in debt. Remaining active in politics, he attended the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, SC. When the party splintered along sectional lines, Taylor attempted, without success, to forge a compromise between the two factions. As the country began to crumble following the election of Abraham Lincoln, he attended the Louisiana secession convention where he voted in favor of leaving the Union. Shortly thereafter, Governor Alexandre Mouton appointed Taylor to lead the Committee on Louisiana Military Naval Affairs. In this role, he advocated raising and arming regiments for the defense of the state as well as building and repairing forts. Richard Taylor - The Civil War Begins: Shortly after the attack on Fort Sumter and the beginning of the Civil War, Taylor traveled to Pensacola, FL to visit his friend Brigadier General Braxton Bragg. While there, Bragg requested that that Taylor aid him in training newly-formed units that were destined for service in Virginia. Agreeing, Taylor commenced work but turned down offers to serve in the Confederate Army. Highly effective in this role, his efforts were recognized by Confederate President Jefferson Davis. In July 1861, Taylor relented and accepted a commission as colonel of the 9th Louisiana Infantry. Taking the regiment north, it arrived in Virginia just after the First Battle of Bull Run. That fall, the Confederate Army reorganized and Taylor received a promotion to brigadier general on October 21. With the promotion came command of a brigade comprised of Louisiana regiments. Richard Taylor - In the Valley: In the spring of 1862, Taylors brigade saw service in the Shenandoah Valley during Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons Valley Campaign. Serving in the division of Major General Richard Ewell, Taylors men proved tenacious fighters and were often deployed as shock troops. Through the course of May and June, he saw battle at Front Royal, First Winchester, Cross Keys, and Port Republic. With the successful conclusion of the Valley Campaign, Taylor and his brigade marched south with Jackson to reinforce General Robert E. Lee on the Peninsula. Though with his men during the Seven Days Battles, his rheumatoid arthritis became increasingly severe and he missed engagements such as the Battle of Gaines Mill. Despite his medical issues, Taylor received a promotion to major general on July 28. Richard Taylor - Back to Louisiana: In an effort to facilitate his recovery, Taylor accepted an assignment to raise forces in and command the District of Western Louisiana. Finding the region largely stripped of men and supplies, he commenced work to improve the situation. Eager put pressure on Union forces around New Orleans, Taylors troops frequently skirmished with Major General Benjamin Butlers men. In March 1863, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks advanced from New Orleans with the goal of capturing Port Hudson, LA, one of two remaining Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi. Attempting block the Union advance, Taylor was forced back at the Battles of Fort Bisland and Irish Bend on April 12-14. Badly outnumbered, his command escaped up the Red River as Banks moved forward to lay siege to Port Hudson. With Banks occupied at Port Hudson, Taylor devised a bold plan to recapture Bayou Teche and liberate New Orleans. This movement would require Banks to abandon the siege of Port Hudson or risk losing New Orleans and his supply base. Before Taylor could move forward, his superior, Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, directed him to take his small army north to aid in breaking the Siege of Vicksburg. Though lacking faith in Kirby Smiths plan, Taylor obeyed and fought minor engagements at Millikens Bend and Youngs Point in early June. Beaten in both, Taylor returned south to Bayou Teche and re-captured Brashear City late in the month. Though in a position to threaten New Orleans, Taylors requests for additional troops were not answered before the garrisons at Vicksburg and Port Hudson fell in early July. With Union forces freed from siege operations, Taylor withdrew back to Alexandria, LA to avoid being trapped. Richard Taylor - Red River Campaign: In March 1864, Banks pressed up the Red River towards Shreveport supported by Union gunboats under Admiral David D. Porter. Initially withdrawing up the river from Alexandria, Taylor sought advantageous ground for making a stand. On April 8, he attacked Banks at the Battle of Mansfield. Overwhelming Union forces, he compelled them to retreat back to Pleasant Hill. Seeking a decisive victory, Taylor struck this position the next day but could not break through Banks lines. Though checked, the two battles compelled Banks to abandon the campaign begin moving downstream. Eager to crush Banks, Taylor was enraged when Smith stripped three divisions from his command to block a Union incursion from Arkansas. Reaching Alexandria, Porter found that the water levels had dropped and that many of his vessels could not move over the nearby falls. Though Union forces were briefly trapped, Taylor lacked the manpower to attack and Kirby Smith refused to return his men. As a result, Porter had a dam c onstructed to raise the water levels and Union forces escaped downstream. Richard Taylor - Later War: Irate over the prosecution of the campaign, Taylor attempted to resign as he was unwilling to serve with Kirby Smith any further. This request was denied and he instead was promoted to lieutenant general and placed in command of the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana on July 18. Reaching his new headquarters in Alabama in August, Taylor found the department to possess few troops and resources. Earlier in the month, Mobile had been closed to Confederate traffic in the wake of the Union victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay. While Major General Nathan Bedford Forrests cavalry worked to limit Union incursions into Alabama, Taylor lacked the men to block Union operations around Mobile. In January 1865, following General John Bell Hoods disastrous Franklin-Nashville Campaign, Taylor assumed command of the remnants of the Army of Tennessee. Resuming his normal duties after this force transferred to the Carolinas, he soon found his department overrun by Union troops later that spring. With the collapse of Confederate resistance following the surrender at Appomattox in April, Taylor attempted to hold out. The final Confederate force east of the Mississippi to capitulate, he surrendered his department to Major General Edward Canby at Citronelle, AL, on May 8. Richard Taylor - Later Life Paroled, Taylor returned to New Orleans and attempted to revive his finances. Becoming increasingly involved in Democratic politics, he became a staunch opponent of the Radical Republicans Reconstruction policies. Moving to Winchester, VA in 1875, Taylor continued to advocate for Democratic causes for the remainder of his life. He died on April 18, 1879, while in New York. Taylor had published his memoir entitled Destruction and Reconstruction a week earlier. This work was later credited for its literary style and accuracy. Returned to New Orleans, Taylor was buried at Metairie Cemetery. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Richard TaylorGeneral Richard Taylor TSHA: Richard Taylor

Decision Making - Ethic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Decision Making - Ethic - Essay Example In 6 years, it is pÃŽ ¿ssible tÃŽ ¿ say that these actiÃŽ ¿ns and refÃŽ ¿rms initiate business management ethics which fÃŽ ¿llÃŽ ¿ws strict legal rules values and wÃŽ ¿rk in cÃŽ ¿mpliance with internal and external ethical principles ÃŽ ¿f business. Ethical dilemmas ÃŽ ¿ften invÃŽ ¿lve uncertainty and, when rights and duties are in cÃŽ ¿nflict, it is difficult tÃŽ ¿ find guidance. Ethics is receiving wide-ranging discussiÃŽ ¿n in tÃŽ ¿days pÃŽ ¿pular press as well as in accÃŽ ¿unting literature. Many accÃŽ ¿untants find themselves perplexed by these arguments because they have nÃŽ ¿t been expÃŽ ¿sed tÃŽ ¿ a practical methÃŽ ¿d ÃŽ ¿f dealing with ethical dilemmas. NÃŽ ¿ fÃŽ ¿rmal training and few ÃŽ ¿ppÃŽ ¿rtunities in everyday wÃŽ ¿rking life have been prÃŽ ¿vided fÃŽ ¿r accÃŽ ¿untants ÃŽ ¿n a sustained basis. Greek ecÃŽ ¿nÃŽ ¿mic, philÃŽ ¿sÃŽ ¿phical, religiÃŽ ¿us, legal, business, sÃŽ ¿cial, and ÃŽ ¿ther prÃŽ ¿blem areas and prÃŽ ¿pÃŽ ¿sed sÃŽ ¿lutiÃŽ ¿ns are fÃŽ ¿und in their legal cÃŽ ¿des and in their religiÃŽ ¿us and philÃŽ ¿sÃŽ ¿phic writings (Frederick 62). The SÃŽ ¿cratic philÃŽ ¿sÃŽ ¿phers and military are the chief sÃŽ ¿urces ÃŽ ¿f the ecÃŽ ¿nÃŽ ¿mic, business, and sÃŽ ¿cial thÃŽ ¿ught ÃŽ ¿f that day; their writings are intertwined with philÃŽ ¿sÃŽ ¿phy, ethics, and pÃŽ ¿litics. TÃŽ ¿ ÃŽ ¿btain a better feel fÃŽ ¿r precisely what impact these early writers and thinkers had ÃŽ ¿n present day management and ethical, mÃŽ ¿ral, and sÃŽ ¿cial practices, twÃŽ ¿ ÃŽ ¿f these Greek writers will be examined. First, the writings ÃŽ ¿f PlatÃŽ ¿ (427B.C. - 347B.C.) and then AristÃŽ ¿tle (384B.C. -- 322B.C.) will be examined. The scÃŽ ¿pe ÃŽ ¿f PlatÃŽ ¿s and AristÃŽ ¿tles writings was wide and represented the general thinking and beliefs ÃŽ ¿f the Greek philÃŽ ¿sÃŽ ¿phers ÃŽ ¿f that time; th ey delved intÃŽ ¿ the ecÃŽ ¿nÃŽ ¿mic and sÃŽ ¿cial system in its parts, hÃŽ ¿w it shÃŽ ¿uld wÃŽ ¿rk, and hÃŽ ¿w it shÃŽ ¿uld be used tÃŽ ¿ achieve the desired gÃŽ ¿als and ÃŽ ¿bjectives (BuchhÃŽ ¿lz and RÃŽ ¿senthal 62). Even thÃŽ ¿ugh

Landscape art in Chinese traditional painting Assignment

Landscape art in Chinese traditional painting - Assignment Example The essay "Landscape art in Chinese traditional painting" explores the landscape art of China. The period that was referred to as the Tang Dynasty experienced many landscape paintings. These kinds of paintings were mainly done on mountains. This kind of painting had a style that was called the shuimohua whose main intention was to represent the emotion or the look of the atmosphere that indicated the nature’s â€Å"rhythm†. As time went by towards the end of the Tang dynasty the use of landscape painting slowly started changing and it was now viewed as a way in men would communicate with the world through the paintings. Apart from nature, these paintings also conveyed a number of themes in social, philosophical, or political areas. Thus with the closure of the Tang dynasty period more focus of these paintings and the artists were majorly on the world nature. Poets and painters in the Chinese traditional arts would go into the mountains to find something to represent in their drawings. Another period called the Song Dynasty that happened between 960 and 1267 saw the rise of different expression of landscapes. Long distances would be represented by use of blurred outlines, mountain contours represented as disappearing into the mist, and nature would be treated with certain kind of impression. The concern of the artist was on how to represent the peace in human beings and nature. This is eminent in the Taoist and Buddhist concepts. In the early Song Dynasty the artists would represent.